construction grammar - definition and discussion

In linguistics, construction grammar  refers to any of the various approaches to language study that emphasize the role of grammatical constructions--that is, conventional pairings of form and meaning. Some of the different versions of construction grammar are considered below. Construction grammar is a theory of linguistic knowledge. Instead of assuming a clear-cut division of lexicon and syntax, note Hoffmann and Trousdale, Construction Grammarians consider all constructions to be part of a lexicon-syntax continuum (a construction). Examples and Observations James R. HurfordThere are several different versions of Construction Grammar, and my account . . . will describe, quite informally, what they have in common. The common idea is that a speakers knowledge of his language consists of a very large inventory of constructions, where a construction is understood to be of any size and abstractness, from a single word to some grammatical aspect of a sentence, such as its Subject-Predicate structure. Construction Grammar emphasizes that there is a lexicon-syntax continuum, contrary to traditional views in which the lexicon and the syntactic rules are held to be separate components of a grammar. The central motive of Construction Grammar theorists is to account for the extraordinary productivity of human languages, while at the same time recognizing the huge amount of idiosyncratic grammatical data that humans acquire and store. The constructionist approach to grammar offers a way out of the lumper/splitter dilemma (Goldberg 2006, p. 45). The k ey point is that storage of idiosyncratic facts is compatible with deploying these facts productively to generate novel expressions.R.L. TraskCrucially, construction grammars are not derivational. So for example, the active and passive forms of a sentence are regarded as having different conceptual structures rather than one being a transformation of the other. Since construction grammars depend on the conceptual meaning in context, they can be seen as approaches to linguistics that collapse the classical distinctions between semantics, syntax, and pragmatics. The construction is the unit of language, which cuts across these other aspects. So, for example, in They laughed him out of the room, the normally intransitive verb receives a transitive reading and the situation can be interpreted on the basis of the X cause Y to move construction rather than the sytanctic deviance alone. As a result, construction grammars are proving most useful in understanding language acquisition and are being used for second-language teaching, since it is the meaningfulness of the situation which is of primary importance, and syntax and semantics are treated holistically.William Croft and D. Alan CruseAny grammatical theory can be described as offering models of representation of the structure of an utterance, and models of organization of the relationship between utterance structures (presumably, in a speakers mind). The latter are sometimes described in terms of levels of representation, linked by derivational rules. But construction grammar is a nonderivational model (like, for instance, Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar), and so a more general description of this aspect of grammatical theory is organization. Different versions of construction grammar will be briefly outlined . . .. We survey four variants of construction grammar found in cognitive linguistics--Construction Grammar (in capital letters; Kay and Fillmore 1999; Kay et al. in prep.), the construction grammar of Lakoff (1987) and Goldberg (1995), Cognitive Grammar (Langacker 1987, 1991) and Radical Construction Grammar (Croft 2001)--and focus on the distinctive characteristics of each theory... It should be noted that the different theories tend to focus on different issues, representing their distinctive positions vis–à  Ã¢â‚¬â€œvis the other theories. For example, Construction Grammar explores syntactic relations and inheritance in detail; the Lakoff/Goldberg model focuses more on categorization relations between constructions; Cognitive Grammar focuses on semantic categories and relations; and Radical Construction Grammar focuses on syntactic categories and typological universals. Finally, the last three theories all endorse the usage-based model...Thomas Hoffmann and Graeme TrousdaleOne of the central concepts of linguistics is the Saussurean notion of the linguistic sign as an arbitrary and conventional pairing of form (or sound pattern/signifiant) and meaning (or mental concep t/signife; cf., e.g., de Saussure [1916] 2006: 65-70). Under this view, the German sign Apfel and its Hungarian equivalent alma have the same underlying meaning apple, but different associated conventional forms . . .. Over 70 years after Saussures death, several linguists then explicitly started to explore the idea that arbitrary form-meaning pairings might not only be a useful concept for describing words or morphemes but that perhaps all levels of grammatical description involve such conventionalized form-meaning pairings. This extended notion of the Saussurean sign has become known as construction (which includes morphemes, words, idioms, and abstract phrasal patterns) and the various linguistic approaches exploring this idea were labeled Construction Grammar.Jan-Ola Ãâ€"stman and Mirjam Fried[One] precursor to Construction Grammar is a model that was also developed at the University of California at Berkeley in the late 1970s, within the tradition of Generative Semantics. This was the work of George Lakoff and informally known as Gestalt Grammar (Lakoff 1977). Lakoffs experiential approach to syntax was based on the view that the grammatical function of a sentence constituent holds only in relation to a particular sentence type as a whole. Specific constellations of relations such as Subject and Object thus constituted complex patterns, or gestalts. . . . Lakoffs (1977: 246-247) list of 15 characteristics of linguistic gestalts contains many of the features that have become definitional criteria of constructions in Construction Grammar, including, for example, the formulation that Gestalts are at once holistic and analyzable. They have parts, but the wholes are not reducible to the parts.

Sigmund Freud s Oedipus Complex ( Schultz Sydney P. 42 )

For my final submission, I will be reviewing everything that I had learned in class, about psychology from the early days of Freud all the way to preset day. Growing up, Freud’s father was strict and authoritarian; Freud felt superior to his father by the age of 2. His mother was protective and loving towards him, which led Freud to feel a passionate, sexual attachment to her. This situation set the stage for his Oedipus complex (Schultz Sydney P. 42). Like this complex, most of Freud’s theories reflect his own childhood. Freud later described personality as being made up of three structures, first, the Id. The Id is the aspect of personality that deals with instincts; it operates according to the pleasure principle. Freud described the†¦show more content†¦Freud described the reality principle as being governed by the Ego, which controls the instant gratification mentality of the Id. Lastly is the Superego, which is the moral aspect of personality. It is the internalization of parental and societal values and standards. Freud thought that this aspect was developed by the age of 5 or 6 and consist initially of the rules established by our parents (Schultz Sydney P. 51). The belief that this aspect of our personality being completely developed by the age of 5 or 6 is one of the concepts that Freud and Jung disagreed on. Freud and Jung also disagreed on dream analysis and how to interpret dreams. Using dream analysis Freud thought that he could learn about an individual through the interpretation of their dreams. He thought that our experiences and desires would come to light in our dreams, even our sexually repressed desires. Freud also thought that different inanimate objects represented phallic symbols or hidden meaning in ones dreams (Schultz Sydney P. 87). This is just another example of how Freud incorporated a sexual meaning or desire into his theories. Like Freud, Carl Jung believed that dream analysis allowed for a window into the unconscious mind. However, unlike Freud’s theory about dream interpretation, Jung didn’t believe that content of all dreams were sexual or that they disguised their true meaning. Jung thought that dreams were more symbolic, that dreams could have different interpretations according to

Geography Assessment Fertility and Mortality Free Essays

string(61) " however it is much more difficult in a place such as Kenya\." 1. Suggest explain why, within a country, crude birth rate varies over time. Use named examples and evidence to support your answer. We will write a custom essay sample on Geography Assessment Fertility and Mortality or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the 19th century most countries had a very high birth rate. Since then different countries birth rate has changed and this is mainly because the government implement different polices towards their population. One set of polices is a pro-natal view and this encourages the population to have children and fertility is promoted. One reason for increasing fertility is to compensate for wartime losses for example France in 1918 after the First World War. Germany additionally applied a pro natal strategy to promote Nazi Germany as they wanted to encourage a particular race in pursuit of racially motivated polices. Also, in Japan they want to preserve the labor force from an ageing population and recently they have seen a rise in the birth rate for the first time in six years. Governments have also applied two types of Anti-natal policies to their country and these can be either voluntary or coercive. Voluntary polices include spreading information about family planning clinics with funding form the World Health Organization. They reach out to try and persuade the population to keep below a certain number of children. The earliest examples are in India and Pakistan and now Indonesia is following in their footsteps with setting up 2000 family planning clinics. However some governments turned to an involuntary anti-natal policy, Chinas one child policy is an example of this but researchers are realizing today that even though it may have been strict at the time they have come to understand that it has had very little impact on the population at all. China had and is stilling having a major population crisis. It was introduced in 1979 and if families followed this policy they received free education, health care, pensions and family benefits but these would be taken away if the couple has more than one child. However, the scheme has caused a number of problems in China. This is particularly the case for hundreds of thousands of young females. Many thousands of young girls have been abandoned by their parents as the result of the one child policy. This is because many parents in China prefer to have a boy to carry on the family name. As a result large numbers of girls have either ended up in orphanages, homeless or in some cases killed. The policy has had little impact on the population, it was already decreasing from 1970 – 1979 and had dropped from 34 per 1000 to 18 per 1000 and is now 14 per 1000. It has only gone down 4 per 1000 over 28 years and it has been resisted strongly by the people especially in rural areas as there are not enough people to work on farms. There have also been some changing polices for example in Singapore. From 1965-1987 they introduced a ‘stop at two’ campaign this was designed to improve the quality of life for the Singaporean people as the live on such a small island. However the scheme changed dramatically as the government saw the population was the only asset it had. Advance in technology have allowed Singapore to do well in the global economy this is also because of its highly educated population. However now the fertility is continuing to drop and is starting to go into an ageing population. To try and increase the TRF they have introduced incentives for more children and the baby bonus scheme. This includes things such as when have a second child the government will open a children development account and money will be added to the account. Governments mainly influence the birth rates within a country because of the different policies they set in place. 2. Suggest explain reasons why crude birth rates vary between countries at different levels of economic development There are many reasons why birth rates vary between countries which are at different levels of economic development. LEDC’s tend to have very high birth rates and this is because of lack of education about family planning and contraception. In places such as Tanzania there is no access to contraception and therefore the birth rate is high at 39 per 1000. In MEDC’s contraception is widely available and there this will make the birth rate decrease. You are able to buy all forms of contraception and in MEDC’s people are very well educated on them and how to use them. Also, in LEDC’s children are economic assets the more children you have the great income the family will gain. This is because at a very young age children are able to work on farms and earn money for the family. However, in present day this is even seen less in LEDC’s as more and more children are trying to go to school to get an education. Where as in an MEDC children are known as economic burdens, they do not start working until 18 and live off there parents until then. Children in MEDC’s expect a lot more in there youth such as a good education, clothes, pocket and the general living expenses for food and clothes is much more expensive than in an LEDC. Another reason that birth rates are very high in LEDC’s compared to MEDC’s is because there is a high infant mortality rate in most LEDC’s. Sierra Leone has an infant mortality rate of 160 deaths per 1000 live births. This means that the more children a woman has then there is greater chance of survival for one of them to grow up till adult level. This is generally because of the lack of medical care available in LEDC’s where as in a MEDC there is easy access to medical attention. Most babies’ die of malnutrition or malaria and these are both easy dealt with in an MEDC however it is much more difficult in a place such as Kenya. You read "Geography Assessment Fertility and Mortality" in category "Papers" In MEDC’s there is lower birth rate because women’s role society has changed over time. In present day a lot of women are going through higher education onto university and ready to start careers before settling down. This leads to having children later when they are older which to there ‘fertility window’ being limited or not at all. Women’s role in society is also linked very closely to children becoming economic burdens. Couples cannot afford having a lot of children as it is too expensive leading to smaller families with fewer children. However, the difference between LEDC and MEDC birth rates are becoming more alike. Since 2000 the total fertility rate in LEDC’s are dramatically decreasing. In 2000 Ethiopia’s the TRF was 7.07 and now in 2007 this has decreased to 5.10 and the same is happening in Saudi Arabia going from 6.39 children down to 3.94. However, MEDC’s birth rate is also decreasing and going into an ageing population, Finland going from a Total Fertility rate of 2.04 down to 1.73 showing that the rate is now below replacement level. 3. Suggest explain why, within a country, crude death rate varies over time. In the UK the death rate has been fluctuating since the beginning of the 18th century. The death rate was steady decreasing in the second half of the 18th century however, in the start of the 19th century this started to change. Firstly, there was a war in France although this death count was nothing compared to the deaths caused by the potato famine in 1845 over 1 million people died from starvation and disease in Ireland because of failure of the potato crop. However the death rate continued to rise from the outbreak of cholera in 1848 when over 13,000 people died. At the time there was no cure for the disease and no body new the cause of it. Before 1820 a lot of the population was insolvent and was dying because of starvation however since 1760 major advances in agriculture was made. Selective breeding was starting to occur and was soon producing ‘superior’ animals. New vegetable such as carrots were being grown and the land was becoming much more productive. This then had a reflection on the life expectancy and was now more than 40 years. However, social class was definitely affecting the death rate. Research has shown that more affluent areas had a lower death rate than working class and this could be linked to poorer housing conditions which meant that disease is able to spread quicker and affect more people. In 1843 the life expectancy in Manchester was just 24 years old and with the over crowding and lack of hygiene allowed many diseases to multiply such as tuberculosis and typhus fever. Water became very contaminated and people would drink this and become very sick. Nevertheless, medical developments started to be discovered and soon enough a cure for smallpox was found. Small pox was responsible for over 21/2 million people a year and 1 in 13 children would die from it, it was the world’s most feared disease. Since then medical care kept improving and they established anesthetic for operations and penicillin to kill bacteria. National Health Service was introduced in 1948 to cover the population’s medical needs. In the 20th century the death rate continued to decline despite the wars and weapons and the life expectancy had risen to 75 years. However, now we have new medical issues to worry about since AIDS is the new feared disease and cancer seems to be striking more and more. However, within a country certain ages migrate to certain areas of the country for example there is a higher death rate in the south coast of England because there are lots of retirement centers down there and many people of the older generation move there for the scenery, quietness and relaxation as they do not want to retire in a city. The futures death path is undecided no one can predict what will happen. With the UK now becoming the fattest nation in Europe it seems that they have fight obesity as well. Two-thirds of men and almost 60% of women are unhealthily heavy and if nothing changes, nearly a third of boys and girls aged under 11 will be overweight or obese by 2010. With unhealthy diets, little exercise and fast food it seems like the new epidemic to beat is obesity. 4. Why do crude death rates vary between countries at different levels of economic development? Death rates between countries with different levels of economic development because of many reasons. Firstly, in LEDC’s there is a much higher death rate than in MEDC’s, one reason for this is access to clean water, sanitation and a reliable food supply. MEDC’s have a much more reliable food supply than countries such as Ethiopia and because of this many people there die of starvation or malnutrition. The developed world has more money and infrastructure to control sewage and water filtration to make sure that water is clean and drinkable. Food has become more widely available with reliable with application of fertilisers, pesticides and agro-chemicals. In MEDC’s the land area required to grow crops has decreased substantially yet the yield outputs have increased also intensive farming methods have been introduced such as the green revolution in the EU. Also, medical care in MEDC’s is of a higher standard compared to LEDC’s. More and more vaccinations are being introduced in MEDC’s to prevent diseases and this also helps to lower the infant mortality as well as the death rate. People in MEDC’s also have a higher life expectancy which lowers the death rate as people are living for longer. Disease control shows the development and access to medication. If there is good access to medical care then there is a low number of population per doctor. Somewhere such as the UK with 300 pop per doc has a better access to medical care than Ethiopia with a pop per doc of 32 499! Advances in medical technology have also helped reduce the death rate such as keyhole surgery and antibiotics. Also, some countries have a National Health Service such as the UK this means that any medical attention is free. Many LEDC’s do not have this and a lot of the population cannot afford doctors which therefore mean there is a greater risk of dying from curable diseases. How to cite Geography Assessment Fertility and Mortality, Papers

Obesity and How To Overcome It free essay sample

Obesity is one of the biggest struggles with children and their parents today even more than drug and alcohol abuse. There are many causes why a child may become obese. Parents should take the proper steps to ensure that their children have healthy lifestyles. If not, the children may have many problems now and later on in life. These problems will not be easy to fix when the children are adults, so the children should start to change as soon as the signs of obesity arise. Obesity is defined as having extra body fat for a certain height from fat, muscle, bone, water, or a mixture of these factors. This is sometimes the result of caloric imbalance, or not enough calories used for the amount that are consumed (Adolescent and School Health). Others define obesity in children as body weight at least twenty percent higher than a healthy weight for a child of that height, or a body fat percentage above twenty five percent in boys or above thirty two percent in girls (quoted in E Medicine Health). We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity and How To Overcome It or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Obesity commonly starts between the ages of five and six years old. It can be affected by genetic, behavioral, and environmental factors (Facts for Families). Former Surgeon General Richard Carmona states, â€Å"Because of the increasing rates of obesity, unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity, we may see the first generation that will be less healthy and have a shorter life expectancy than their parents. (quoted in American Heart Association) Obesity is not all that meets the eye; meaning just because someone sees a larger than normal child does not mean the child is obese. Some children have larger body sizes than others. If a child is starting to put on excessive weight a doctor can see if this child’s weight is at a good point or if it poses a health problem. Body mass index should be measured on a child to see if, when compared to other children of the same sex and age, the child is normal. Body mass index does not count having a muscular body or a larger than average body frame. The child’s growth and development must be put into consideration by a doctor (Mayo Clinic). Genetic and hormonal factors may come along with obesity, but the main cause comes from children eating too much and exercising too little. Genetic diseases and hormonal disorders can be a cause of obesity, but this is not common. Diseases such as Prader-Willi syndrome and Cushing’s syndrome, affect a very small number of children (Mayo Clinic). Skin conditions may occur such as heat rash, fungal infections, and acne (WebMD). Some risk factors leading to obesity include diet, lack of exercise, family history, psychological factors, family factors, and socioeconomic factors. Eating high-calorie foods regularly can make any child gain weight. Children should avoid fast foods, baked goods, and vending machine snacks whenever possible. Filling up on soft drinks, candy, and desserts that are filled with sugar, fat, and calories is not good for any child. Children should exercise to burn the calories that are consumed throughout the day. Playing video games and watching television are not helping the problem. If a child comes from an overweight family he or she is more likely to be overweight also. These children are probably surrounded by high-calorie foods, and exercise is not encouraged by the overweight parents. There could be a psychological issue with some children causing them to overeat, thinking that helps their problems. Dealing with emotions, stress, or fighting boredom is no reason to eat excessively. Parents’ income can also be a big factor in children’s eating habits. It takes time and resources to make exercising and eating healthy a family priority (Mayo Clinic). There are many physical complications that come along with obesity. Type 2 diabetes is a common occurrence in children with a poor diet; but can be turned around if healthier foods are consumed and exercising takes place. Metabolic Syndrome includes heart disease, diabetes and other health problems. These conditions may include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high cholesterol and excess abdominal fat. A child can develop high blood pressure and high cholesterol if he or she eats poorly. The build-up of bad food in the body can cause plaque in the arteries. The hardened arteries can lead to heart attacks and strokes later on in life. Extra weight can cause problems in the lungs making it hard for children to breathe leading to asthma. Another complication that comes with obesity is sleeping disorders. A child can have sleep apnea, in which the child snores or has abnormal breathing when he or she sleeps. Hormone imbalances may occur in an obese child, leading puberty to start earlier than normal (Mayo Clinic). There are immediate benefits that come with changing an unhealthy lifestyle to a healthy one. Children will not feel so full after eating smaller portions, going hiking with a parent will encourage open communication, fruit salad is a beautiful dessert that is also yummy and healthy (HelpGuide). In one study, children from the age of five to seventeen years old, seventy percent of the obese youth had at least one factor for cardiovascular disease. Some obese adolescents get prediabetes, which is a condition where blood glucose levels are so high that it eventually becomes diabetes. These children are also at a greater risk for having bone and joint complications, sleep problems, social problems, and poor self-esteem (Adolescent and School Health). Children who are unhappy with their weight may also be more likely to develop eating disorders and substance abuse problems. The sooner the children are diagnosed the easier it will be to make sure the children do not develop these or other medical conditions when the children get older (HelpGuide). Obesity is a common form of prejudice in our society today. The abuse from others begins as early as age three. Parents instill negative thoughts towards their obese children such as lazy, ugly, stupid, and gross. Some parents believe this will motivate their children to get healthy but usually the children just binge eat and the situation worsens. Some children who are victims of bullying become bullies themselves. Many suffer from loneliness, depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and poor body image (Family Education). If a person is obese as a child it is more likely for them to remain obese as adults. Obesity in adults may cause problems such as: heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, several types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. One study exposed that children as early as age two were likely to be obese adults. Obesity can also lead to some very serious cancers including cancer of the breast, colon, endometrium, esophagus, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, thyroid, ovary, cervix, and prostate (Adolescent and School Health). Obesity factors can be lowered if healthy habits take place. The diet and physical activities of children are greatly swayed by factors such as: family, community, school, child care settings, medical care providers, faith-based institutions, government agencies, the media, and food and beverage industries. Schools can play a big role in children’s behavior. Therefore, schools need to encourage a healthy lifestyle and provide knowledge about healthy eating and physical activities (Kid’s Health). Starting in infancy, the parents should hold off on introducing solid foods and stick to breastfeeding. This is shown to reduce the cause of obesity (E Medicine Health). It is very important that parents allow their child to know that they will be supportive during weight struggle. Children’s feelings about themselves come from the way the think their parents see them, and with supportive parents, the child will have confidence (WebMD). Today’s families have very little time to prepare a healthy, nutritious meal for their children. Fast food is the quick and easy way to go for the busy family, and that leads to an unhealthy family. Parents should take control of this problem and start a weight-management program, change eating habits, plan meals, control food portions, increase physical activity, eat meals as a family, and many other things (Mayo Clinic). There are several ways to involve the entire family in healthy habits, but increasing physical activity is the most important. If children see their parents working out and having fun, they are more likely to join and be active as adults (WebMD). Encouraging longer and more regular sleep can reduce the risk of obesity. Studies have shown that a lack of sleep in children can be a big reason why they gain unwanted weight. Researchers have discovered that an extra half hour of sleep can lower BMI. They wrote that, Obese children were less likely to experience catch-up sleep on weekends, and the combination of shorter sleep duration and more-variable sleep patterns was associated with adverse metabolic outcomes. Educational campaigns, aimed at families, regarding longer and more-regular sleep may promote decreases in obesity rates and may improve metabolic dysfunction trends in school-aged children. (quoted in Obesity in Children-Virtually Unchanged in U. S. ) In conclusion, there are many factors to obesity in children. But, steps can be taken to prevent and to help this problem. With a little help from family, peers, and doctors there is no reason a child should ever have to suffer with this disease.

Martial Arts Essays - Neijia, Tai Chi Chuan, Qigong,

Martial Arts To most martial arts is about the hard-style, external arts such as Karate and Maui Thai. Tai Chi Chuan however, developed out of Taoist ideology and the concept of universal balance. Primarily it was committed to physical fitness and spiritual progress, but over time, the monks needed protection against growing warlords and thugs and so, the external aspect of Tai Chi Chuan evolved and an usual mixture of a healing art, exercise and meditation developed. A teacher taught his students, The man who does not seek to struggle with others will find that others are not able to struggle with him. Think if still water. You push it, and, yielding, it finds its original place. You cannot hit anything if there is nothing to hit. Tai Chi Chuan originally developed out of Tai Chi, a similar concept that began around 2000 BC partly influenced by yoga. In China, yoga came to be developed into what is called Saolin chuan (chuan, means boxing). Around 13th AD Chang Seng Feng developed what is known as Tai Chi. Different families studied Tai Chi and developed their own unique styles giving them different names. Tai Chi styles practiced today came from the Chen family. Yang studied the Chen style and modified it to form the Yang style of Tai Chi Chuan, which is the style commonly practiced today. Tai Chi Chuan is part of a larger concept, Taoism. The Tao means the Way or a Path. According to Tao-te Ching, the core Taoist texts, the feeling of being one with the Way can only be experienced and not just known. One must coordinate all the body, the brain, the breathing to realize the feeling of being connected to everything. In Tai Chi Chuan, movement with meditation is done with the purpose of realizing connectivity by feeling in tune with the omnipotent force Chi, or in Japanese, Zen. Chi is everything everywhere; we are all a part of it and so, are connected to each other. Once in tune with Chi, one must apply those principles in daily life to be one with the Tao. The Taoist philosophy of Yin and Yang, soft and hard or the opposites arises from the Taoist belief that humans view the world in terms of opposites, right or wrong, dislike or like. And those beliefs are changing all the time, if a person we dislike does something nice, then we start liking them. We fail to realize that something is just is. FSU is good and bad. It might not be as good as Harvard, but when compared to a University from a third world country, it is quite good. However, for us, it is one or the other and this prevents us from realizing and incorporating the Tao. We have to be empty of such preconceived notions in order to be one with Chi, to comprehend the true nature of things. Emptiness of the mind leads to understanding of the only constant, change. It allows for constantly changing thought processes and a constant sense of inquiry needed to understand that life is a matter of change and If you try to make yourself secure at all costs in life then you cling either the Yin or the Yang. Any fixed idea, when it conflicts with what we call the flow of life, is bound to lead to a loss of balance. It is related to what the early psychologists called a complex. The ability to manipulate thought strengthens one's concentration is referred in martial arts as centering one's mind and the idea is central to Tai Chi Chuan as it allows for change, correction and healing. Poetry

Imperfections- an Explication of An Author to Her Book by Anne Bradstreet

Imperfections- an Explication of An Author to Her Book by Anne Bradstreet I've included the full text of the poem as well as my explication of it. Enjoy!The Author to Her Bookby Anne BradstreetThou ill-form'd offspring of my feeble brain,Who after birth did'st by my side remain,Till snatcht from thence by friends, less wise than true,Who thee abroad expos'd to public view,Made thee in rags, halting to th' press to trudge,Where errors were not lessened (all may judge).At thy return my blushing was not small,My rambling brat (in print) should mother call.I cast thee by as one unfit for light,Thy Visage was so irksome in my sight,Yet being mine own, at length affection wouldThy blemishes amend, if so I could.I wash'd thy face, but more defects I saw,And rubbing off a spot, still made a flaw.I stretcht thy joints to make thee even feet,Yet still thou run'st more hobbling than is meet.In better dress to trim thee was my mind,But nought save home-spun Cloth, i' th' house I find.In this array, 'mongst Vulgars mayst thou roam.In Critics' hands, beware thou dost no t come,And take thy way where yet thou art not known.If for thy Father askt, say, thou hadst none;And for thy Mother, she alas is poor,Which caus'd her thus to send thee out of door."Imperfections"ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ As shown in "The Author to Her Book" by Anne Bradstreet, perfectionism is not a new phenomenon. The speaker of the poem uses diction, imagery, and tone to display her insecurities about, and dislike of, her own work, resulting from the human imperfections that have created an inadequate piece of literature.ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ The choice of words in this poem reveals that while admitting a close and intimate relationship with it,

Should we cry for Argentina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Should we cry for Argentina - Essay Example In recent times, Argentinians have suffered from the decline in economic standings (Farzard, 2010). This paper will review the crisis the country faces, and what they are doing to ensure they get through the situation. Local companies present at the time can attest to the situation that existed. They could not send money abroad for many of their financial activities. This was because the central bank had to give approval on these transactions in order to maintain some of the country’s capital. The blame game continued between the government and financial agencies while the economy continued to plummet. As the Argentinian peso was losing its value, it became obvious that the situation was getting from poor to worse. Some of the stringent measures included seizing the citizens’ cash in order to regulate how they withdrew money from their bank accounts was introduced (Farzard, 2010). This led to countrywide protests against such moves by the government, and what it meant to their freedom. Business operations were brought to a standstill through all the commotion as banks were attacked. The raising of taxation through government policies made it harder for businesses to grow and expand. This implied that all those involved in the transportation of goods and services, whether local or foreign, were affected immensely (Farzard, 2010). Coming across funds to pay foreign suppliers became harder for the local traders, and their businesses. This led to the dipping in the local market for local goods. The collapse of the economy brought plenty of trouble for the Argentinian government. It became hard to fulfil the needs of the people as many more people seemed to suffer from poverty. Inflation levels grew to a high level and employment was for only a few people in Argentina. As all these problems continued to engulf Argentina, their hope to get themselves out of debt was dwindling. This is as

Cloud Computing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Cloud Computing - Essay Example Cloud computing has the aim of hiding the intricacy of IT infrastructure administration from its users (Bahga & Madisetti, 2014). Simultaneously, the cloud computing platforms offer enormous scalability, 99.999% dependability, and high performance, along with configurability that can be specified. These capabilities are given at relatively low costs when compared to devoted infrastructures (Erl, Puttini & Mahmood, 2013). I present an impression of Eveready’s cloud services as well as pricing to be employed in the calculations. Eveready has two appropriate cloud computing services. Foremost, Eveready gives the Elastic Computing Cloud service. This platform charges every hour a running instance, and it provides examples with diverse compute power as well as memory (Bahga & Madisetti, 2014). This application meets the criteria for an excellent application in this course. To begin with, I am interested in the application. As an IT manager, I realize that the cloud computing was maybe the single most significant finding this century in my field. As a man database administrator, I am as well intensely interested in the challenges and successes faced by other men scientists. Second, in juxtaposition with EC2, Eveready will provide the Elastic Block Store (EBS) service. This service gives reliable and unrelenting storage with a high IO performance. EBS rates per GB of storage as well as for each million IO transactions. Eveready will also offer the Simple Storage Service (S3). This is a service to provide access via web services to unrelenting data kept in buckets (one-level of directories) together with meta-data (key/value pairs). S3 rates per GB of storage as well as HTTP requests relating to it. Persistent FS will offer a POSIX-compliant file system by means of S3 and is debatably less costly than EBS for largely

Intermediate Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Intermediate Microeconomics - Essay Example es alike : all declared bankruptcy and the State had to infuse millions of $s into the economy in the form of economic stimulus to keep the economy from completely crunching. "This collapse in housing value is sucking in all borrowers," said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moodys Economy.com. The New York Times quotes â€Å"Like subprime mortgages, many prime loans made in the United States in recent years allowed borrowers to pay less initially and face higher adjustable payments a few years later. As long as home prices were rising, these borrowers could refinance their loans or sell their properties to pay off their mortgages. But now, with prices falling and lenders clamping down, homeowners with solid credit are starting to come under the same financial stress as those with subprime credit.† An article in the WSJ [2007] speaks about the sub prime crisis and its analysis by the Journal., â€Å"To examine the surge in subprime lending, the Wall Street Journal analyzed more than 250 million records on mortgage applications and originations filed by lenders under the federal Home Mortgage Disclosure Act. Subprime mortgages were initially aimed at lower-income consumers with spotty credit. But the data contradict the conventional wisdom that subprime borrowers are overwhelmingly low-income residents of inner cities. Although the concentration of high-rate loans is higher in poorer communities, the numbers show that high-rate lending also rose sharply in middle-class and wealthier communities†. According to the same article, even in 2006, when the housing market was weakening, some lenders were still willing to make riskier loans. The analysis of loan data by The Wall Street Journal indicates that from 2004 to 2006, when residential property prices were at their peak i n many parts of the country, more than 2,500 banks, thrifts, credit unions and mortgage companies made a combined $1.5 trillion in high-interest-rate loans.†This article describes how the subprime

Chinas Logistics Industry

Chinas Logistics Industry Abstract The aim of this paper is to introduce development of China logistics industry in last decade. This paper examines problems during the development and the implementations to further develop China logistics industry in the future. The first part of this paper introduces the background of China logistics industry, problem statement and research objective. The measurements of development of China logistics industry are as dependent variables discussed in Chapter four. The second part talks about literature review for logistics, 3 elements in development of China logistics industry which are cost, productivity and expansion. Also, factors that affect development of China logistics industry are given which are transportation, governments regulation, warehousing and storage, IT supporting and infrastructure. Chapter three looks at research methodology which contains source of data, method of data analysis, questionnaire and interview. The theoretical framework shows the relationship between independent variables and dependent variables. Chapter four is mainly focuses on data analysis; the results are shown to indicate the main factors that limit the development of China logistics industry. Finally, the chapter five gives the conclusion and recommendation to solve the problems that effect development of China logistics industry that is integrated information technology to reduce transportation cost. KEYWORDS: logistics, cost, information technology, transportation. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of Study With the increase of the global competition and the rapid development of the Information Technology (IT), the logistics industry has become one of the most important industries in the 21st century. The scope and role of logistics have changed dramatically over recent years. In the past, logistics has played a supportive role to primary functions such as marketing and manufacturing. Now the scope of logistics has expanded beyond its traditional coverage of transportation and warehousing activities to include purchasing, distribution, inventory management, packaging, manufacturing and customer service. More importantly, logistics has dramatically evolved from a supportive role characterized and cost absorbing to a primary role and become an important of competitive advantage. Companies experiencing growing pressure to reduce costs and provide better service so that they engage in improving the logistics by outsourcing/expansion, an option that can improve both efficiency and effectiven ess. Modern theory of logistics in China was introduction in 1980s to pilot program of logistic and distribution centres built-up in early 1990s and then evolved into full-fledged industry by the end of 1990s. Since its economic reform and opening up in 1978, Chinas economy keeps booming, with an annual GDP growth rate of nearly 10 percent which has become a global manufacturing centre with its high economic growth rate (Wang et al. 2006). In 2001, a condition for China to become a full member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) was the removal of restrictions to foreign logistics investments. At the beginning, foreign capital was allowed only in form of joint ventures where Chinese partner held a majority (Goh and Ling, 2003). At the end of 2005, the restrictions were completely phased out. At present, state-owned, privately/locally owned, and foreign owned logistics companies are all equally allowed to enter and compete in logistics industry in China. Chinas logistic industry has been experiencing fast growth driven with the help of sustainable national economic expansion. Although there are tremendous opportunities, still the intense competition exists, especially after 2001. The logistics industry reported an annual growth rate of 31% in 1999, 35% in 2000, and 55% in 2001, and was expected to continue to expand rapidly in the future (Business knowledge on demand, 2007). According to Exhibit 1, the average annual growth rate of the logistics industry in China was 22.2%, and logistics expenditures accounted for about 21.8% of the GDP between 1992 and 2004 (business knowledge on demand, 2007). This sector has been developed in a physically sound way under improved infrastructure and external environment. According to Asia consulting, Added value has reached to RMB 1.4 trillion in 2006 up 13.9% over 2005. The transportation fee has been RMB 2.1 trillion increasing 12.1 %. The increase can be seen in inventory and delivery service along with 16.7% of warehousing fe es. It is expected that Chinas logistics market value will reach RMB1.1972 trillion, and will continue to maintain an annual growth of 20% in 2010. 1.2 Total Logistics Market Size The GDP of China is above RMB 10 trillion by the first time in 2002 that achieved a real growth of 8%. In the 10th Five-year Plan, the government is forecasting an average growth rate 7% per annum in 2002-2007. According to the forecasts by State Development Planning Commission (SDPC), the GDP will be quadruple, about US$4.3 Trillion by 2020. The price level will be stable because of higher price pressure within the economy. In a detailed survey by the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing (CFLP), the total logistics market was estimated at RMB1, 788 billion, 20% of the GDP in 2000. In 2002, it was estimated that the total logistics market of China were about RMB 2 trillion. Though the economy was expanding in 7%, logistics expenses were going to increase in a slower rate. It was because there is sufficient supply of logistics capacity such as trucks, warehouses and other fixed assets. Government registration shows 700,000 logistics service providers are operating. On the othe r hand, improving logistics efficiency also reduces its proportion to the GDP. A moderate rate of 4.0%-4.9% growth is estimated in the coming five years. According to HK Trade Development Council, leading logistics companies in China such as UPS, FedEx and DHL-Sinotrans have all recorded annual growths in over 30% on operations in China and there are more outsourcing contributes to the growth of professional logistics firms. Moreover, as competition increases, it is expected that market share is shifting from local companies to foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) or local giants, who can offer more efficient services in lower fees.(LI FUNG, 2003) 1.3 Players in the China Logistics Market Chinas logistics market is fragmented, characterized by tens of thousands of logistics companies and many of them are small, poorly organized with fundamental infrastructure and technology. A vast majority of the players are lack of nationwide capabilities and serve a narrow customer base; and mainly focus on simple transportation and storage functions. Competition is fierce, particularly in the low-end market. Traditionally, Chinas logistics market is dominated by the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) which provide 90% of the logistics services, but none of these has a market share over 2%. 1.31 State-Owned Players There are many state-owned players in China logistics market. Prior to 1980, under economic conditions in that time, Chinas logistics business could only be managed by state-owned enterprises and logistics was a monopoly industry, mostly for transpiration and warehousing. The characteristics of their management mode are small-scale native enterprises, slow product renovation, poor management, production plans following from various government agencies, etc. Due to government investment and monopolistic operation, these enterprises acquired large assets and became relatively large-scale business firms. Relying on their sufficiency capital and existing market share, in the past several years these enterprises rapidly became leaders in China logistics industry. However, due to the monopolistic nature of the industry and the separated management system, it will take time for these logistics firms to become truly comprehensive. The following is a list of todays relatively powerful state-o wned backbone logistics enterprises that operate nationwide: China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO); China Railway Express Company Limited (CREC); China Post Logistics Company Limited (CPLC); China Railway Container Transport Company Limited (CRCTC), etc. COSCO Logistics COSCO Logistics is a branch of COSCO, China Ocean Shipping Company. It was formed in 2002. Because of the parent companys network and infrastructure, in 2004 to 2008 it ranked number 1 in China in terms of comprehensive logistics capacities. COSCO Logistics has 300 logistics facilities, covering 90% of the China market and the service is strongly marine transport related. 1.32 Private Players Since the mid-1990s, Chinas private domestic logistics enterprises started to develop themselves. For example: EAS International Transportation Ltd (Shanghai). This company was founded in 1985 and it involves international business. In the past twenty years, EAS has gained notable achievement in building the unique operation platform to development modern logistics business according to the demand of customers. There are many other private domestic logistics companies in China, such as St-Anda, PGL, China Overseas logistics and so on. They are all medium-size Chinese logistics provides emerged in the last 10-20 years. These firms have enjoyed the fastest growth in the market due to their light-asset nature and high efficiency. They are more focused on geographies, service and customers. But they have problems in lacking sufficient financial support for market expansion and internal management mechanisms and effective organization to support high growth and profitability. (Fu Qinqin, 2007) 1.33 International Logistics Players(ILCs) Although the domestic companies dominate the general China logistics market, ILCs are playing a more important role, and their market shares are increasing rapidly. Among which the most important are the four giant ILCs that started with parcel and courier services. The international logistics players are: DHL, TNT, UPS, FedEx and so on. Deutsche Post World Net/DHL Deutsche Post World Net (DPWN) has a uniformed brand and image for its logistics, courier and parcel, and transport service; that is DHL. DHL first entered China in 1981. In 1986, it formed a joint venture with Sinotrans in courier and parcel delivery. Mainly because of this earliest partnership, DHL-Sinotrans has the biggest market share in courier service. Both parties enjoy a very fruitful partnership. For this reason, in 2002 when the first partnership ended, DHL and Sinotrans renewed the cooperation agreement for another 50 years, till the year of 2052. In May 2004, DHL initiated its domestic delivery of parcels in China, and again, DHL led the market. In the courier and parcel delivery market, the partnership between DHL and Sinotrans is the most stable. In the past twenty years, DHL has invested about $215 million in China. Out of its total investment of $1.1 billion in Asia, that was only about 20% of DHLs investment in Asia. However, DHL plan to invest about $273 millions in China from 2004-2008, or almost 2/3 of its $400 million investment in Asia over the same period. Clearly, the investment is heating up in the China logistics market. (Xuepin Cen, 2005) Nowadays, many foreign logistics companies have established good cooperation relations with Chinese logistics firms by using joint ventures. The advantage foreign companies have competitive advantage in technology and management, but only when they are combined with experiences and existing service network of Chinese enterprises that they could be brought into full play. Therefore, some Chinese logistics companies usually face Merge and acquisition (MA) risk. A number of foreign companies that have never touched on the Chinese market patiently search for Chinese companies for cooperation projects. Many inland Chinese cities promise many commercial opportunities in the logistics sector, and it needs time for foreign companies to fully penetrate into the Chinese market. However, for foreign logistics companies they are being challenged by infrastructure and customer base and of lack of on-the-ground capabilities in China. 1.34 Third Party Logistics companies (TPLs) Chinas market for TPL is still in its early stage. Also, TPL is a relative new concept for most of the Chinese companies. A TPL company normally provides process-base services rather than a function-base logistics service, which generally toward to the integration and full control of a part or whole process of customers logistics network. The rationale for outsourcing logistics is to achieve cost saving through economics of scale. Small or middle sized companies may not always have economics of scale to economically manage logistics operation, but this is precisely one of the advantages for third-party logistics companies. The year of 2006 is the first year of Chinas 11th Five-Year Plan (2006~2010), and is also the first year when logistics is opened up completely. From the year of 2006 to 2010, the basic frame and main functions of Chinas southern international logistics centre will come into being. The proportion of logistics cost in GDP will decrease more than 3%. The third party logistics will share up to 23% in the logistics market.(Fu Qinqin, 2007) 1.4 Major modes of Transport The first few years of the 21st century have been characterized by the rapid construction of transport infrastructure in China. During the five-year plan from 2001 to2005, transport infrastructure has been built significantly including 250,000 kilometres of highways and 24,700 kilometres of expressways. By the end of 2006, the total length Chinese highway has reached 3,457,000 kilometres and 77,000 kilometres of railways (Waters, 2007). The current five-year plan (2006-2010) has an ambitious agenda and will spend hundreds of billions of dollars over the next five years to develop Chinas roads, river ports, and railroads. (Richard Brubaker,2005 ) 1.41 Ports According to Richard Brubaker, (2005) since the central government opened Chinese ports to overseas investment in March of 2002, Chinese Port facilities have received massive amounts of investment and have taken huge steps towards significantly increasing capacity. In 2003, the total investment in Chinese port development and construction was US$2.2 billion, and in 2004, the Ministry of Communication has reported this figure was to reach nearly US$4.3 billion in 2004. Currently, Chinas coastal cities like Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Shanghai, Ningbo, Guangzhou and Shenzhen, are all competing to complete new berths and establish themselves as dominant regional logistics centres. (Exhibit 2) In Shanghai for example, container throughput of 11.28 million Twenty-Foot Equivalent Units (TEUs) for 2003 is expected to increase to 14.5million TEUs in 2004, with massive expansion already underway. In addition to expansion that will add more than 2m TEUs of capacity in 2005, Shanghais massive Yan gshan deepwater terminal is also under construction and will eventually handle 25m TEUs at a cost of â‚ ¬1.5bn. Although such massive investment and expansion, the improvements brought by increasing use of foreign terminal operators, Chinese ports still need to keep up with increasing demand. 1.42 Road Benefit from government heavy investment and the unreliability of other options for instance rail and inland water, road transport becomes most popular choice for the inland distribution of goods in China. Beijing has already emphasised on a plan to double Chinas expressway mileage. (Richard Brubaker,2005) By 2005, as Chinas new inter-provincial highway system nears completion, almost 200,000 km of new roads will bring the national total to roughly 1.5 million km. Among the most significant of these developments, Shanghai-Chengdu Highway and Beijing-Zhuhai Expressway are the most arresting plan. Because most of Chinas highways are financed using a fixed return toll based system, tolls account for roughly 20% of costs faced by long distance trucking operators and create huge incentives to overload trucks. Nearly 75% of Chinas more than 100,000 traffic fatalities per year have been attributed to overloaded trucks. These deaths have led to new road safety laws, which if observed, could have significant implications for the efficiency and the costs of trucking operations where trucks are overloaded on average by 30% and often by 50%. However, at present the trucking industry in China remains extremely fragmented and is not organized on a national basis. The largest of the nearly 3 million trucking service providers in China is Sinotrans, with a registered fleet of 3,000 trucks specializing in long-distance service. Short-distance trucking services in China are generally provided by local operators who offer relatively cost effective and competitive services. In spite of national policies, this separation between local and long distance trucking operators is in part due to efforts by local and city authorities to protect local businesses. By the end of 2004, Chinas WTO commitments require that Chinas trucking sector be fully opened to foreign firms. Experts said that current market fragmentation and the benefits of newly expanded infrastructure make the trucking sec tor particularly attractive for consolidation and foreign investment. 1.43 Rail According to Richard Brubaker, (2005) Chinas Railway infrastructure has received relatively low levels of investment compared with Chinas road and port infrastructure. The Ministry of Railways has relatively modest plans to increase Chinas existing rail network from 72,000 km to 100,000 km in 2020. Use of the Chinese rail system increased 6% year on year between January of 2003 and January of 2004, though it would appear that this relatively modest increase can be less attributed to weak demand than the limitations posed by serious under capacity. Railway bottlenecks and the inability of the railway system to transport the requisite amounts of coal were in large part responsible for the power shortages of the summer of 2004. This has since led to the prioritization of coal shipments leaving other commodities and cargoes sitting on docks. Many importers, most notably Chinas steel mills have been struggling to find enough railcars to carry cargo and now often resort to barges and truck s at much greater cost. Poor handling practices, delays, unpredictable delivery times, bulk shipment requirements, theft, minimal shipment tracking, the lack of inter-modal facilities, and a general lack of infrastructure all plague the Chinese railways. However, despite these issues exist, the heavy subsidization still makes Chinas railway become the cheapest form of overland transport compare with shippers. 1.44 Inland Waterways Infrastructure on inland waterways, most significantly the Yangtze River, increased 8% between January 2003 and January 2004. (Richard Brubaker,2005) Rivers such as the Yangtze can handle ships of up to 6000 tonnes and are generally uncongested; however, canals and low bridges can be problematic and projects such as the recently completed 3 Gorges Dam can serve to prolong dry seasons and keep water levels low. 1.45 Air freight Although Chinas airfreight sector is constrained by inadequate infrastructure, its development has been rapid. China is the second-largest domestic airfreight market in the world after the United States. According to Boeings World Air Cargo Forecast, the market has grown at more than 20 percent annually since 1991. (Richard Brubaker,2005) Airports are seeing rapid expansion in three principal economic areas: the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and the capital city of Beijing. Expansion in the PRD is very important that it threatens to cut into the volumes handled by Hong Kong, the worlds largest air cargo airport. But a large proportion of the goods exported from South China are routed through Hong Kong. Its position has been strengthened, moreover, by an agreement that allows Chinese airlines to expand their international services via Hong Kong and gives Hong Kong airlines greater access to the mainland. 1.46 Warehousing Most of Chinas warehousing facilities are older or old-style facilities with a range of associated issues. Many facilities do not have computerized stock supervision systems in place. Single and multi-story warehouse designs limit efficiency by preventing the use of multiple racking levels and by modern forklift trucks. Cross contamination is an issue as are unsealed loading platforms at refrigerated facilities, which expose food products to ambient air temperatures during loading and unloading. The shortage and shortcomings of existing facilities as well as the opening up of the Chinese warehousing under its WTO commitments by the end of 2005, have led to considerable investment and anticipation in this sector. (Richard Brubaker,2005 ) For example, in Shanghai, several foreign logistics services providers hoping to invest in the future and capitalize on preferential policies and proximity to port facilities (including APL Logistics, DHL and OOCL Logistics) have or are planning to es tablish massive logistics centres in Shanghais Waigaoqiao Logistics Park / Free Trade Zone. The park has been established as an international transit, delivery, sourcing and transhipment hub to promote and coordinate the development of Shanghais sea and air transport, warehousing and logistics industries. 1.5 Statements of the Problem 1.51 High Cost Since the late of 1990s, China has been aiming at fostering logistics industry and improving logistics management skills, for the huge manufacturing industries in China has driven logistics industry growing rapidly in recent years. With its imminent entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), China is embracing a big opportunity to develop its logistics industry, officials and experts noted. Zhang zhigang, deputy director of the State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC), said that: it is urgent that China reforms its old circulation system and speeds up the development of its logistics industry as China faces new challenges in the globalization process. But the high logistics cost nibble the competence of firms. According to the data released by Development Research Center of the State Council of PR China, Chinas logistics expenditures amounted to 20% of the GDP in 2000 whereas logistics spending accounted for 10.3% of United Statess GDP, 14% of Japans GDP, and 10 to 13% of Europ ean Unions GGP (Waters, 2007). The annual growth rate of total logistics expenditures is 10.29, 12.99, 16.76 and 12.86 percent from 2002 to 2005 (National Development and Reform Commission, 2004). Statistics published by China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing show that Chinas total logistics expenses reached RMB3.8414 trillion in 2006, up 13.5% year on year at current price, a growth 0.6 percentage points higher than in 2005. The rate of total logistics expense of GDP was 18.3%, 0.2 percentage points lower than in 2005. This is the mainly problem that slow down the development of China logistics industry. The total logistics cost encompasses transportation, inventory storage and management. In 2007, the total logistics cost increased by 18.2% to 4540.6 billion yuan. The total logistics cost in China generally includes three cost components, namely, transportation, inventory storage and management cost. According to Exhibit 3, it is clear that the total logistics cost increased rapidly during 1991-98, since then the growth started levelling off. In 2004, the total cost amounted to 2911.4 billion yuan (US$ 352 billion), grew by 16.6%. Of this total, transportation cost made up the largest portion and witnessed the highest growth rate. Transportation cost was 1655.8 billion yuan (US$ 200 billion), accounting for 56.9% of the total logistics cost. On the other hand, inventory storage and management cost were 846.7 and 408.9 billion yuan (US$ 102 billion and US$ 49 billion), accounting for 29.1% and 14% of the total logistics cost respectively (US$ 15.7 billion). Adding the costs of packing, transport, storage and damage, the ratio of total logistics costs to total industry production ranges from 40% to 60%, whereas in the United States this percentage is close to 20% (Smyrlis, 2006). If logistics costs are broken down, transport accounts for 57% of costs, inventory and storage accounts for 29%, and management accounts for 14% (Exhibit 4). Percentage wise, transport costs in China are twice as expensive as in developed countries (Wakers, 2007). 1.52 Low in productivity The ratio of total logistics cost to GDP represents the efficiency of logistics operation in the economy which means the productivity of logistics industry. It is also used as an indicator of the development level of the logistics industry. In general, the higher the percentage, the less efficient is the logistics industry. Exhibit 5 shows the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP in the 10th Five-year Plan period (2000-2005). Despite the total logistics cost as a percentage of GDP has been on a downward trend that decreased from 19.4% in 2000 to 18.57% in 2005 and the total cost savings in the 10th Five-year Plan period totalled 109 billion yuan; according to exhibit 3, the logistics cost was still higher than that in US, Japan and developed countries which means lower inefficiency of China logistics industry. As predicted by the CFLP, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP will continue higher that resulting inefficiency of modern logistics services. CFLP predicted that tot al logistics costs during the 11th Five-year Program period (2006-2010) will grow at 10% annually, 2% lower than that of the 10th Five-year Plan period. It also forecasted that the total logistics cost will reach 5,400 billion yuan in 2010, the ratio of total logistics cost to GDP at around 16.8% and cost savings yield during the period will be around 435 billion yuan. 1.53 Slowly expansion/outsourcing One of the most significant drivers of growth in the global logistics industry is the trend of mergers and acquisitions. Such buyouts and mergers enable logistics players to build up their infrastructure and service scale, both of which are critical to remaining competitive. By merging their operations and collaborating on technology, complementary services partners can also scale up their logistics capability without having to invest heavily in infrastructure. The result is lower cycle-time, streamlined business processes and lower manpower costs, which in turn boosts companies productivity and profitability. Although the giant logistics companies in China have overseas offices established from the 1980s and 1990s as their overseas branches to support their international transportation, their businesses are heavily dependent on agents. For example, Sinotrans has business in 200 countries, but there are only 40 overseas offices. The most international business is done via the agents. As Contrill claimed, dont expect a wave of Chinese 3PLs to land on Western shores soon. The pace of change in China is slow by Western standards and there is much to do in the home market. 1.6 Research objective The objective of this research is twofold. On one hand, the objective is: To understand the development of China logistics industry in last decades. On the other hand is to investigate the factors affect the development of China logistics industry and find the solutions to solve the current problems to further develop logistics industry in China. On meeting the two objectives this paper will develop a framework to address the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry. 1.7 Research questions There questions will be discussed in this article: 1: To introduce the development of logistics industry in China in last decade. 2: What are the factors that affect the development of China logistics industry? 3: How to solve the current problems to further develop logistics industry in China? 1.8 Significance of study This research would contribute by indicating and analyzing some of the problems that affect development of China logistics industry and this study was designed to answer some questions from perspectives of both the researcher and some practitioners. The theoretical framework was based on an extensive review of the literature on the various theoretical models of factors affect development China logistics industry. 1.9 Limitations of the research Because of time restriction (from September to November, 2009), this thesis will be finished within 3 months, I will cover the detail of logistics management (Transportation, Warehousing and IT supporting) as specific as possible. Because of the location of sampling in Shanghai, China, the searcher has to come to China but only around 1month, so time limited to the questionnaire distributing and receiving which cause low response rate. There are many problems that influence the development of logistics industry in China; in this paper, we only focus the above 5 main problems. Because of some companies are not public listed companies, it is difficult to find the financial data from the current annual reports released by these companies, so we may analyze these companies using the previous data (Eg: Annual Report in 2007) Some of questions are directly related to the internal strategy of company management, so managers are unwilling to answer. 1.10 Chapter Outline Chapter one Introduction: This provides the reader with background information of the study, which creates a pictorial flow of the main research. Research objectives, background of study, problems and significance as well as the limitations faced by the researcher are clearly stated in this chapter. Chapter two Literature review: This chapter explores relevant literature; it basically dealt with pertinent literature on problems of current China logistics industry with discussions on related research variables such as government policy and regulations, transportation cost, warehousing and storage, training/education/IT supporting and infrastructure. Chapter three Methodology and Data collection: This chapter describes the research design used to conduct this research. This chapter will further disclose the ways used in analyzing data collected, limitations of the methods used and how the data was collected. This section concludes with discussions of the data gathering techniques and the data analysis procedures that were used to answer the hypotheses and research questions. Chapter four Results and discussions: This chapter outlines results of data analysis, provides discussion of research findings and builds bridges between objectives, findings and relevant literature. The result section summarizes the analysis of the data and present findings of the study with respect to the hypothesis and research questions. While the discussion section reviews the findings of the study in the context of the conceptual framework of the study. Chapter five Conclusions and recommendations are provided in this chapter together with discussions on the contribution of the study to the body of knowledge. This chapter concludes the research and documents the implications of the study with recommendations for future research. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition of logistics Logistic is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from their point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to custom

Pornography and Feminism :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

Pornography and Feminism    It is constantly surrounding us. It cannot be evaded. Pornography is an initial part of the entertainment mainstream. Whether it is in magazines, or in music, pornography is gender-prejudiced. The word pornography can be defined as the depiction of erotic behavior intended to cause sexual excitement.    Degrasion towards women is its only accomplishment. The poses they take and the acts they perform are all part of the discrimination that women face . The only thing pornography offers is negative effects on women. Pornography, whether on a page, in music, or on screen, is degrading to all females. Magazines, posters, and other materials portray women as something less than human. A women in Florida argued that she was harassed by her male co-workers who put up graphically sexual posters and calendars, some showing women being abused. Among the offensive materials was a poster with a frontal view of a nude women with a dehumanizing USDA choice printed on it. Also , a teacher in Canada asked the Ontario Human Rights Commission to order the removal of pornographic magazines from convenience stores on the grounds that they create a hostile environment for women. Even Playboy and Penthouse , two of the more popular menà ¾s magazines that actually contain insightful articles on current i ssues or events, degrade women. Psychologist Marty Mckay says that the only way to protect womenà ¾s rights is to prohibit the sale of skin magazines in corner stores. Men are not put into the same portion, and there in lies the discrimination. When speaking of pornography in action, X- rated videos are the first thing that comes to mind. A shop in downtown Toronto that sells dirty movies and frightening looking sex toys has Ultra Great Sex tapes for less than $25.30. One scene contains two men performing simultaneous anal and vaginal intercourse on one women. The obscenity law found in subsection 8 of section 163 in Canadaà ¾s Criminal Code says that a work is absence and illegal if one of its dominant characteristics involves the undue exploitation of sex. A Canada court created three rankings for obscenity. The first, any materials that mixes explicit sex and violence , or include children. The second, works that involves explicit sex and degradation that encourage violence or harm toward women. Finally, other sexual explicit materials is permissible because the obscenity law cannot à ¾inhibit the celebration of human sexuality.

P&G Advertising Strategy Essay

For marketing students at IIM Ahmedabad, 9th of January, 2011, is anything but a typical Sunday. They have resisted the temptation to join their batchmates in a lazy basketball game and appear oblivious to the cheerful riotous frenzy of the kite festival on the banks of the Sabarmati. Instead they have been pitted against each other all morning in a brand exercise organised and masterminded by P&G. The prize? A dinner date for the teams with a man responsible for running the marketing function of one of the most powerful FMCG companies on the planet, Marc Pritchard , global marketing and brand building officer, P&G. However, even students who do not make the cut get a chance to experience Pritchard firsthand when he addresses a respectably packed hall that evening. Soon after he’s done, the questions fly thick and fast. These include some potentially embarrassing posers. How does P&G feel, one student wants to know, about its campaigns being ambushed by its archrival HUL? Few people have forgotten the teaser campaign about a mystery shampoo last year (that was revealed to be P&G’s Pantene) being hijacked by Dove from the HUL stable. Pritchard opts to take the high road on this one: â€Å"We can’t prevent any competitor from ambush (surprise attack). But if you focus on the consumer, what your brand is doing to serve the consumer and if you have a big idea, you will win most of the time. † And that’s a running theme through pretty much everything that Pritchard has to say. Whether he’s addressing students at IIM-A, the media or an audience at the Cannes Lions Festival, he’s a tireless champion of brands serving consumers or â€Å"purpose driven branding. † P&G spent most of the 1990s establishing a global footprint. Now, according to Pritchard, it finally has the chance to live up to its purpose. The first step was getting senior management to define a purpose for each of the brands in the P&G stable: a blueprint on how the company could touch and improve lives. Pritchard explains, â€Å"We still have a core benefit but are thinking more broadly on how we can deliver it. We are very focussed on sharpening what the brands stand for, identifying human insights that can translate into big ideas. † Bold Gamble However those prepared for a lofty chronicle of CSR and corporate do-gooding are likely to step back, a little disappointed. Pritchard’s showreel of purpose driven work from P&G includes pretty much every big campaign the FMCG has come up with recently. This includes the highly awarded work on Old Spice with its cocky ‘The man your man could smell like’ tagline. Pritchard says, â€Å"Purpose is much more than a cause or a corporate responsibility. We deliberately focused on making people define purpose as how brands improve everyday lives. A cause is just a piece of it as opposed to the whole thing. † This helps take purpose out of an ivory tower. It’s no longer something that resonates only with consumers in developed markets, fed up with hard sell, looking for corporates to do something more. Instead it could even be used as an effective go to market strategy. Which is pretty much the case with Pampers. Pritchard defines the brand’s purpose as â€Å"to improve a baby’s healthy, happy development. Its benefit is dryness and comfort that allows babies to sleep, play and explore more. When they do that, they develop better. By the way, it’s also making their mom’s lives a lot better if they sleep through the night. † To bring this purpose to life, P&G sends pediatricians to villages with tips on how to help the baby sleep and advice on immunization, besides using this interface as a sampling opportunity. The one pack = one vaccine program run in association with the UNICEF is tied into this larger purpose too. â€Å"It helps bring the community of moms together since they like to help other moms,† says Pritchard. Even ‘Women Against Lazy Stubble’ for Gillette, a homegrown campaign, has something larger driving it. Purpose takes on a more meaningful role in developing markets,† he explains. The vans that propagate the program give young men tips on shaving, how to dress, handle an interview and talk to women. Purpose coincides well with P&G making a concerted push into non-city markets not just in India but in other countries like Brazil and China that have a yawning urban-rural divide. P&G is focusing on stores because it’s the first moment of truth for the rural consumer. Pritchard says, â€Å"We market back from there to create awareness to get them to that point. † There are approximately 7 million high frequency shops in India and P&G has covered 4 million of these so far. A fair amount of product and package development is being done to cater to this segment. Using the store as the starting point also helps make the entire process less sporadic. Pritchard states, â€Å"It means you are always on. We have consolidated the number of distributors into a core highly capable, powerful group. We give them the material, knowledge and know how on display. † India is in some ways at the vanguard of P&G’s rural drive. One of the things pioneered in India was generating more household trial. Pritchard admits, â€Å"It was Sumeet Vohra (chief marketing officer – Asia, P&G) who created this machine to identify what it was going to take to get these products in the households, as well as the tools to measure performance. Much of what we learnt in India has been exported to other markets like Africa for example. † The recent acquisition of Paras by Reckitt Benckiser proves that multinational giants look to India for a lot more than its large consumer base. Pritchard gives a diplomatic answer when asked if there are any local heroes that he’s got an eye on. But P&G invariably unearths little jewels with every acquisition, he says. Like Koleston which was not very big globally but strong in Latin America, particularly in Brazil, around the time Wella was acquired. P&G took the brand to Mexico, Europe and are now launching in India. Pritchard goes further back for his next example: Richardson Vicks in 1985 had a very tiny brand called Pantene that accounted for $70 million in sales. He says, â€Å"We put the new technology in, and launched it in Taiwan and came up with Pantene Pro V. Now it is over a $3 billion brand. † To be chosen for the big push, the brand needs equity and it helps to have some sort of a story. Like Max Factor’s SK2 which was made with Pitera, a yeast extract used by monks in Japan which kept their skin in a better condition. â€Å"We built from that story, tested it in different markets and now it’s more than half a billion dollars and growing like crazy,† says Pritchard. In a classical FMCG battle, market observers may be tempted to brand P&G as a pacifist, with hardly any aggressive countermoves towards competition. But, combining brand awareness with social programmes, driving its brands further into the hinterland and acquiring a knack of creating billion dollar brands, Pritchard knows that the company is pushing the right levers.

Self Critique Essays

Self Critique Essays Self Critique Paper Self Critique Paper For many people public speaking is a very stressful task, which causes a lot of psychological pressure and anxiety. On the other hand, speaking in front of an audience is always a great challenge. Therefore, it is hard to find a person, who does not want to become a good, interesting and inspiring public speaker. Proficiency in public speaking is not only an effective tool for personal advancement, growth and development. It is also an important requirement of our contemporary life and informational culture. Usually I feel a little bit frightened before and during my public speaking. As I have discovered from my recent practices, I am extremely sensitive to reaction of the audience on my speech. If my listeners obviously like and enjoy my subject and the way I present it, I feel very much inspired and enthused. But when my audience does not express interest or appreciation of my efforts, it makes me feel frightened, so I can slightly start loosing my self-possession. I guess, my strong points are good pronunciation, good skills in expressing my thoughts and ideas clearly, as well as positive attitude towards my audience. If I have some time to get ready for public speaking, to prepare the draft of my speech and put my thoughts in order, I guess my performance is successful and quite pleasant. Probably, I just need to improve psychological background and learn how to remain calm and self-controlled. It proved to be very interesting to speak in front of the audience. Besides, I was really impressed with the performances of my class-mates as public speakers. Many of them demonstrated unrivaled eloquence, which was quite surprising to me. In addition, I’ve learnt that humor and optimistic tone of the speech are among the key points of successful public speaking. I see that after just one week of practices I could improve my presentation skills and competence in public speaking to a great extent. After giving presentation in front of the audience, I have learnt how to organize my speech more effectively, how to behave when speaking and how to reveal no anxiety and uncertainty. This experience assisted me in becoming considerably more self-confident and comfortable when speaking in public. I believe that with the help of these special practices I’ll achieve prompt progress and learn to enjoy my public speaking.

Mining in Canada essays

Mining in Canada essays The importance of mining is definitely significant to Canada. Mining, is an important industry, and Canadians are very advanced in their mining technology, but during the mining process, there is certain level of pollution produced. The Canadian government and the mining companies have very good plans and controls toward this problem, while ensuring the smooth running of the industries, and also helping to create strong economy and The world of today could not exist without mineral products. Canada produces about 60 minerals and ranks first among producing countries1. As well, Canada is the largest exporter of minerals, with more than 20 per cent of production shipped to world markets2. In a typical year, the mining industry is responsible for almost 20 per cent of Canada's total export earnings3 (See Appendix A). As for the employment rate, over 70 per cent of the mines are owned by Canadians and approximately 108,000 Canadians are directly employed in the mining industry4. Mining is very important in Canadian life. Not only do the products power the family car and heat the family home, the manufacturing sector, the high tech industries and even the better known resource industries are all dependent, in some way, on the mining industry. The mining industry will continue to be an important Mining is taking full advantage of the quick expansion of computers and microelectronics. These technologies are found in nearly every aspect of mineral development activity - from exploration methods, through production, mineral processing and even marketing. Computers and related equipment now have a lot of different applications in geophysical logging, geochemistry, geological mapping and surface contouring5. At the mine planning stage, the job of designing a mine is now greatly simplified by automation. Through the use of advanced software, geological models can be produced ...

Critically appraisal of the Personalisation Policy in social work of Essay

Critically appraisal of the Personalisation Policy in social work of any local authority in the UK - Essay Example Personalisation of services for the disabled has also enabled service users to receive direct payments in lieu of services. Personalisation also involves independent living, whereby the person with disability is allowed to control their daily activities and the use of equipment. However, reports show that adults with ill mental health have not enjoyed the personalisation of services as much as their counterparts who have other forms of disability. England is one of the local governments within the UK that has had problems implementing the personalisation approach in delivering services to people with mental problems. According to Gardner (2011 pp. 62) a report in 2005 showed that majority of social service providers in England did not give direct payments to mentally ill people. Glasby & Littlechild (2009 pp. 59) attribute this occurrence to professional attitudes among the service providers. For example, taking up of individual budgets for people with mental problems becomes an issue because the professionals do not believe that these service users have the capacity to handle the finances. In order to counter this perception, service users are advised to make prior provisions incase of predictable mental health fluctuations in future. Glasby &Littlechild (2009) also concur with the reports that many people with ill mental health in England are locked out of personalised services. One of the primary reasons for this occurrence is that many users, care providers, and staff are ignorant about the existence of such services as direct payments. Many of these stakeholders do not have access to information regarding which types of personalised services are available for people with mental problems. According to Gould (2010 pp. 58) there is also the problem of determining the eligibility of a service user as well as differentiating between health care and social care

Bitcoin and its effect on microeconomics Research Paper

Bitcoin and its effect on microeconomics - Research Paper Example Some people ask themselves why Bitcoins. People can use them to buy goods and services anonymously. Another key reason why people prefer this kind of currency is the fact that they make international payments, not only easy, but cheap as well. This is because the currency does not belong to any country, and there is no a single country that regulates it. Many small businesses prefer them because they do not have fees like some medium of exchange, for example, the credit cards. Some investors buy this currency for investment purposes. For example, some buy them hoping that the value would go up in the future (Böhme, 2013). One may wonder how they could acquire the currency. There are numerous marketplaces where individuals can buy and sell the currency using other currencies like the dollar or Euro. These marketplaces referred as Bitcoin exchanges. People store Bitcoins in digital wallets existing in their user’s computer. It is like a virtual bank account and allows the owner of the Bitcoins to send them or receive them, save them, or pay for products or services. One of the key effects of Bitcoins is the fact they would reduce trade barriers. This would not only increase the global income, but also the global production. A key reason why Bitcoins would reduce trade barriers is the fact that there is no a single country that regulates or controls them. Therefore, there is no transaction friction. Individuals can make transactions easily and fast (Böhme, 2013). There are no transaction costs. The fact that there is no intermediary like a bank makes transactions fast. The fact that there are no additional charges makes goods and services cheaper. This increases the consumer surplus and so is their utility. People can afford more and cheaper goods, which increases their level of satisfaction. They would boost

What kinds of consent are there Can any of them explain our obligation Essay

What kinds of consent are there Can any of them explain our obligation to obey the state's commands - Essay Example dominion of a prince, which one might leave, every individual has given a tacit consent to his authority, and promised him obedience; it may be answered, that such an implied consent can only have place, where a man imagines, that the matter depends on his choice.† (Hirschhorn 2004), further demonstrates consent and notes, â€Å"Failure to follow ethical principles in the informed consent process can result in serious legal action through tort law (civil wrongdoing) and even criminal law, the lack of informed consent constitutes assault and battery.† Related to political theory, there are three main types of consent that will be explored. They are express, tactic and hypothetical. Although there are other forms in political theory, these are three main to be explored as they are the primary cause for debate within the spectrum. Express consent can be defined as total agreement with an order, demand or request. An example of this would be if someone was asked to meet at a location and they agreed. Another example would be if a state law required that all drivers wore their seatbelt and every driver of that state did while driving. Complying, agreeing and deciding to comply with a request, is express consent. In democratic nations, this is easier to define as the people elect officials to represent them in their best interest. If they do not, then the elected official is not re-elected. People in democratic nations also have the ability to live where they chose and states have individual laws that are not applicable beyond their bounds. (Allsop 2011) states, â€Å"The reasons to obey the law may be either prudential or moral. Prudential reasons are related to self-interest. This theory states members of society conform to the law out of fear of punishment or being socially outcast for being labeled a criminal.† Although people will inherently have express consent for many laws in that state, they may not understand or be aware of all laws they are subject to

Money in Marriage Essay Example for Free

Money in Marriage Essay Money is a vital component for a sustainable and harmony life. Knowing the main function of money in marriage is important for a successful marriage. According to (Loh,2012) a research by Smart Money magazine, cited by shows that 70% of spouses surveyed discuss about money no less than one weekly while 36% of men and 40% of women confess that they lied to their couple about their spending. Many couples do not aware about the importance of money. The ability to pay household and utility bills, the tendency to ensure the children get their rights as well as the chance to have a comfortable and sustainable living are therefore, the importance of money in marriage. One of the reasons why money is important in marriage is to pay household and utility bills. Just like how organizations have their organization’s financial details each year to trace how they spend their money to pay for things married couples also need to record their expenditure and examined them monthly. (Eugene, 2009). A couples need to distribute their money to pay the energy, electrical and telecommunication bills. Electricity is necessary to run all home utilities such as refrigerator, television, radio, including hot water heaters and water pump that allow toilet to work. Besides electrical bills a telecommunication bills also need to be managed well so that we can ensure smooth communication between a family members. The example of communication utilities is such as encompass telephone, satellite television service and Internet service. For instance communication utilities such as internet can be used by the family members especially children who are still study to find information, communicate with their friend, and sharing their opinion. A married couple also need to allocate their money for the household food budget. The monthly budget for the food and groceries of the house should be managed accurately. â€Å"It is significant to give them with a healthy-balanced diet and encourage them to work out frequently† (Vijaindren, 2012). Parents should aware that your child needs a variety of food to fuel his growth, strengthen his immune system and support his brain and nervous system. So it can be conclude that money is important in marriage to have a healthy lifestyle because an apple a day can keep a doctor away. Another importance of money in marriage is to ensure children get their rights. A beneficial education is a necessary for children (Rosmah, 2010). Every child should have an adequate education to secure their future. Money can be used to pay necessary fees regarding the education or study. For example, money can be used to pay an education fees for children who studying at primary, secondary or even children at the college. As an example, money is useful for buying a basic need for children education such as school uniform, stationeries, and of course a books. Every child deserved an additional education such as home tutor or tuition. With money, tuition fees and additional books can be paid consistently. According to Rosmah (2010, as cited in Lim (2010) a marriage that has consistency in money should give their children a well-nourished life. Every parent can make their children more valuable and comfortable with money. For example provide a comfortable shelter such as personal room for their uses. Furthermore with money parents will have the tendency to ensure that children get their rights. As an example, children nowadays will request for an up-to-date gadgets, such as smart phone, tablet, or even an android phone. This can be fulfilled with money. Thus, money is important not only for an adult, but can be very useful for a sustainable in children’s life. One of the other reasons why money is important in marriage is to have comfortable and sustainable life. Najib(2012, as cited in Shuman, 2012) â€Å"My feverent wish is to ensure that each and every one of our young productive adults and, indeed the future generation of Malaysian will have enough savings and financial assets to enjoy their retirement to the fullest†. This pension scheme is one of the ways to have a sustainable life. Many of young married couple do not aware about the importance of this pension scheme it is to persuade and influence people to set aside money for the upcoming and urgent situation. For instance one of the family members having any major health problem such as cancer or heart problem that need to spend a lot of money to heal at least this scheme can support it. Another importance of money is to keep away the future cohort to cope with difficulty and struggle to have a sustainable and comfortable life. Life insurance gives a person chance to propose a consistent financial for his or her family in the event of disaster or poor health problem happen to the family members (Morris, 2010). With the power of money a couple can buy a life insurance for their house, vehicle and family member. For example when a giant Tsunami hits Japan on 2012 many facilities and infrastructure has been demolished, at the same time many victim had lost their family members. So the reason why you need to take out an insurance policy is to look after who’s left behind you especially the ones that you loved. In a nutshell, the importance of money in marriage include chance to have a comfortable and sustainable life, the tendency to ensure the children get their rights as well as the ability to pay household and utility bills. Money is vital asset that are useful for a long time, and can secure the future. Thus, money must be managed well to ensure that the flow of money will run smoothly and can lead to a sustainable life and harmony marriage. Everyone must have their own budget so we can prepare for the unpredictable thing that may occur. Tracking your money expenses, create a monthly budget, prepare for unexpected emergencies, and plan for big expenses are few steps that can be made to managed money well. This can educate a person to become a discipline and independent in his life.